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金融危机迫使中国出口企业转型
英国《金融时报》汤姆?米切尔(tom mitchell)东莞、 广州报道 2009-08-12
中国大陆与台湾合资的制鞋商华坚集团(Huajian Group)，正是那种应该陷于低迷的中国出口企业。华坚集团总部位于广东省制造业重镇东莞，产品有95%出口到美国这一全球金融危机的焦点。
“我们正陆续接到圣诞订单，很可能达不到去年的水平，”华坚集团创始人及董事长张华荣表示。“但眼下情况正在好转。我们的利润率有所下降，但订单比最糟糕的时期（今年早些时候）增加了10%。”他补充说，该公司最近将员工队伍扩大逾20%，从1.8万人增至2.2万人，并加薪3%。
在东莞另一边的松山湖科技产业园区，也发生着类似的故事。在这个商业开发示范区，曾经是IMB旗下部门的天弘公司(Celestica)为微软制造电话会议设备和Xbox电脑游戏机。
据该公司高管介绍，与去年相比，Xbox发货量减少了15%。“那就是为什么我们很注重效率的原因，”一名经理表示。天弘没有辞退任何雇员，只是依靠自然减员。
尽管华坚和天弘也许只是处于生存状态，而非茁壮成长，但考虑到整个中国出口部门遭遇的痛苦，它们的表现令人鼓舞。
广东是中国最大的出口中心，约占全国出口发货量的三分之一。今年头六个月，广东的出口同比下降了18.6%，至1534亿美元。
然而，这仍高于广东省2006年上半年实现的出口，而2006年对中国出口商而言是很好的一年。
这种宏观表现似乎证明，北京的希望是有道理的，即金融危机正推动加快向质量的转变，使华坚和天弘这样的大型出口商得益，而不利于规模较小、效率较低的工厂。
“全球金融危机使企业意识到，它们需要调整结构，”中共广东省委书记汪洋本月在一次少见的吹风会上告诉记者。“比如，有专利产品的工厂就做得比较好。”
“我们的重中之重不是（GDP）增长，而是如何转型城市，尤其是我们的产业结构，”广东省首府广州市市委书记朱小丹补充说。“即使我们不得不牺牲一部分GDP，我们也要付出这个代价。”
汪洋和朱小丹“质量高于数量”座右铭，在中国未必普遍。在31个省市自治区政府中，有24个报告今年上半年当地GDP增幅超出全国平均水平。
例如，尽管上半年仅增长了0.6%，东莞市长仍在坚持该市全年增长10%的目标。为完成这一高难度使命，东莞市政府正寄望于出口部门的企稳，同时期望固定资产投资和消费能弥补需求缺口。
广州主要开发区的官员们似乎更执迷于增长，他们计算并吹嘘一些毫无意义的统计数据，如每平方米土地面积的经济产出。
在威创视讯科技(Vtron Technologies)这样的公司，分区规划意味着更有意义的内容：本土企业家创办的高科技企业。威创生产像一面墙那么大的互动显示屏幕，这种屏幕如果放在《星际迷航》(Star Trek)电影中“企业号”飞船的舰桥上，不会显得别扭。
威创的客户包括阿塞拜疆的空中交通管制中心和中国的公安部门，中国警方将威创的科技产品与自己的闭路电视监视系统相结合，可放大和缩小街头画面。该公司目前年销售额增长10%，而金融危机爆发前曾达到20%至30%。
“威创是一个利基市场上的隐形冠军企业，”该公司公共事务总监Tiger Tang表示。政府正希望涌现出更多这样的公司。
正如广东省委书记汪洋所指出的：“市场的残酷现实是，要生存，就必须创新。”
译者/和风
原文网址: http://www.ftchinese.com/story.php?storyid=001028094
chinese manufacturers bullish on export orders
by tom mitchell in dongguan , 2009-08-12
The Huajian Group, a Sino-Taiwan shoe maker, is precisely the type of Chinese exporter that should be on its knees. Headquartered in Dongguan, a manufacturing centre in southern Guangdong province, Huajian exports 95 per cent of its output to the US, focus of the global financial crisis.
“Christmas orders are coming in and probably won't be as high as last year,” says Zhang Huarong, Huajian's founding chairman. “But things are getting better these days. Our profit margin has decreased but orders are up 10 per cent from our worst period [earlier this year].” The company, he adds, has recently increased its workforce by more than 20 per cent – to 22,000 workers from 18,000 – and raised salaries 3 per cent.
It is a similar story across town at Dongguan's Songshan Lake high-tech park, a model business development zone. There, Celestica, a former IBM division, makes teleconferencing equipment and Xbox computer game consoles for Microsoft.
According to company officials, Xbox shipments are down about 15 per cent compared with last year. “That's why we're putting a lot of emphasis on efficiency,” says one manager. Celestica has not made any employees redundant, relying instead on natural attrition.
While Huajian and Celestica may be surviving rather than thriving, their performances are encouraging, considering the wider pain across China's export sector.
In Guangdong, which is China's largest export centre, accounting for about a third of national shipments, exports fell 18.3 per cent in the first six months of this year from 2007, to $153.4bn.
However, that is more than the province generated in the first half of 2006, which was a very good year for China's exporters.
This macro performance would seem to validate Beijing's hopes that the financial crisis is helping to speed a flight to quality, benefiting large exporters such as Huajian and Celestica at the expense of smaller, less efficient factories.
“The global financial crisis has made enterprises realise that they need to restructure,” Wang Yang, the Chinese Communist party's most senior representative in Guangdong, told reporters at a rare briefing this month. “Factories that have patented products are doing better, for example.”
“Our main focus is not on [gross domestic product] growth but on how to transform the city, especially our industrial structure,” added Zhu Xiaodan, party secretary of Guangzhou, the provincial capital. “Even if we have to sacrifice part of our GDP, we want to pay this price.”
Mr Wang and Mr Zhu's quality-over-quantity mantra is not necessarily the rule in a country where 24 of its 31 provincial-level governments reported GDP growth rates in the first-half above the national average.
The mayor of Dongguan, for example, is sticking by his city's 10 per cent growth target in spite of having achieved just 0.6 per cent growth over the first half of this year. To pull this rabbit out of a hat, the Dongguan government is counting on the export sector to stabilise while fixed-asset investment and consumption take up the slack.
Growth appears to be even more of an obsession at Guangzhou's premier development zone, where officials calculate and boast of such statistical nonsense as economic output per square metre of land area.
In companies such as Vtron Technologies, zonal planning can point to something more meaningful: high-tech enterprises established by local entrepreneurs. Vtron makes interactive, wall-sized display terminals that would not look amiss on the bridge of the Enterprise in a Star Trekfilm.
Vtron's customers include Azerbaijan's air traffic control centre and Chinese police departments, which combine Vtron's technology with their closed-circuit surveillance systems to zoom in and out of street corners. Annual sales are growing at 10 per cent compared with 20-30 per cent before the crisis.
“Vtron is a hidden champion in a niche market,” says Tiger Tang, the company's public affairs director. The government is hoping many more like it will emerge.
As Mr Wang, Guangdong's party secretary, puts it: “The cruel reality of the market is that innovation is essential to survival.”
原文网址: http://www.ftchinese.com/story.php?lang=en&storyid=001028094
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